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Il existe deux formules de moyenne pour les intégrales.
Elles sont attribuées au mathématicien Pierre-Ossian Bonnet (1819 – 1892).
On se propose de les énoncer, de les établir et d’en donner des exemples significatifs d’utilisation.
Des versions plus fortes de ces résultats existent dans la littérature, mais on a choisi ici de privilégier la simplicité à la généralité.
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Première formule de la moyenne
On suppose que et
sont des applications continues d’un segment
dans
Proposition 1
Si est positive, alors il existe
tel que :
Notons respectivement et
le minimum et le maximum de
Pour tout
:
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![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com c\in\left[a,b\right]](https://math-os.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-c312063890bb007d12a5003b1c15733a_l3.png)
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Remarque 1
On peut remplacer l’hypothèse positive par
de signe constant. Si
est à valeurs négatives, il suffit en effet d’appliquer ce qui précède au couple
En outre, la continuité de n’a pas servi : on peut se contenter de supposer que
est continue par morceaux, ou même seulement Riemann-intégrable.
Remarque 2
En choisissant pour la fonction constante égale à 1, on obtient pour toute application continue
, l’existence d’un réel
tel que :
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Seconde formule de la moyenne
On suppose toujours que et
sont des applications d’un segment
dans
Proposition 2
Si est décroissante et positive et si
est continue par morceaux (ou seulement Riemann-intégrable), alors il existe
tel que :
Preuve simplifiée n° 1
➡ Supposons en outre
L’application :
Remarque
Sans hypothèse de positivité pour on peut considérer plutôt :
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![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com c\in\left[a,b\right]](https://math-os.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-c312063890bb007d12a5003b1c15733a_l3.png)
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Preuve simplifiée n° 2
➡ Supposons en outre de classe
et
continue.
Posons Comme
est continue,
est de classe
et
Après intégration par parties :
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![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com \alpha\in\left[a,b\right]](https://math-os.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-4f1b9b0617758e21d4a54c8ee93a186b_l3.png)
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Sinon :
![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com \dfrac{\varphi\left(b\right)}{\varphi\left(a\right)}\in\left[0,1\right],](https://math-os.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-4ccb12bb9ae4a302f49736c50911b958_l3.png)
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![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com c\in\left[a,b\right]](https://math-os.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-c312063890bb007d12a5003b1c15733a_l3.png)
Preuve simplifiée n° 3
➡ Supposons en outre continue.
Etant donné notons pour tout
:
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![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com \left[a,b\right]](https://math-os.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-c1c9b62f4ffe493505d6566104a9b311_l3.png)
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()
Pour tout :
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Par ailleurs, en notant
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![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com c\in\left[a,b\right]](https://math-os.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-c312063890bb007d12a5003b1c15733a_l3.png)
Preuve du cas général
Rappel : on suppose décroissante positive et
continue par morceaux (ou seulement Riemann-intégrable).
Nous allons constater que la relation de la preuve simplifiée n° 3 reste vraie. En gros, on perd l’uniforme continuité de
mais on a toujours celle de
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![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com \delta\in\left]0,b-a\right[](https://math-os.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-cb6da155b8cc91000ad56897678373a4_l3.png)
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Deux exemples d’utilisation
➡ Exemple 1
Soit On considère une application continue
, une application
continue et
périodique et l’on s’intéresse au calcul de :
Pour tout posons :
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![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com c_{k}\in\left[0,T\right]](https://math-os.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-d63bdefba79f85bfcdebad4f69b09711_l3.png)
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![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com \left[0,T\right]](https://math-os.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-662710167665f3fe8fec19179f2eb7fc_l3.png)
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![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com \lambda\geqslant-\inf_{\left[0,T\right]}g).](https://math-os.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-24e64529f6becd0e3a9ab6ca405ad653_l3.png)
Remarque
Le lecteur pourra démontrer en exercice une formule un peu plus générale, à savoir que si est définie sur
(au lieu de
on obtient en fin de compte :
A titre d’exemple :
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➡ Exemple 2
Soit continue telle que l’intégrale
soit semi-convergente. Pour tout
posons :
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est bien défini par hypothèse. Et pour
l’intégrale
existe d’après le critère de Cauchy. En effet, étant donné
il existe
tel que pour tout
:
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![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com c\in\left[a,b\right]](https://math-os.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-c312063890bb007d12a5003b1c15733a_l3.png)
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![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com c\in\left[p,q\right].](https://math-os.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-e73ccf1dcf4ad7071b5ce622a98189b1_l3.png)
Un cas particulier célèbre est celui où :
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Remarque 1
Dans ce calcul, il était essentiel de prouver la continuité de en
On aurait pu établir la continuité de
sur
à moindre frais, car il suffit de prouver la convergence uniforme de la suite
sur
pour tout
ce qui s’obtient par une majoration directe. En effet, pour tout
et tout
:
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Remarque 2
Si, dans l’énoncé de l’exemple 2, l’hypothèse de semi-convergence de l’intégrale impropre est remplacée par l’hypothèse plus forte d’absolue convergence, la continuité de
est beaucoup plus simple à établir. En effet, pour tout
et pour tout
:
Pour toutes questions ou remarques, merci d’utiliser le formulaire de contact.
Sublime ! Une analyse prodigieuse; j’ai appris des techniques pertinentes.
L’exemple 1 est une question classique mais qui est super traitée .
Super et continuez !
C’est un plaisir de lire vos articles